Wider determinants of health in
This page presents information about trends in indicators related to wider determinants of health.
Table of contents
Economic inactivity
Persons, 16 to 64 years
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011/12 | 25.5 | 24.9 | 26.1 | 23.6 |
| 2012/13 | 24.2 | 23.6 | 24.8 | 22.9 |
| 2013/14 | 23.7 | 23.1 | 24.3 | 22.6 |
| 2014/15 | 23.0 | 22.4 | 23.6 | 22.4 |
| 2015/16 | 22.1 | 21.5 | 22.7 | 22.0 |
| 2016/17 | 21.7 | 21.0 | 22.4 | 21.8 |
| 2017/18 | 21.9 | 21.3 | 22.5 | 21.4 |
| 2018/19 | 21.9 | 21.2 | 22.6 | 21.1 |
| 2019/20 | 21.2 | 20.5 | 21.9 | 20.6 |
| 2020/21 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 21.3 | 20.9 |
| 2021/22 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 21.3 | 21.2 |
| 2022/23 | 20.8 | 19.9 | 21.7 | 21.4 |
| 2023/24 | 21.4 | 20.3 | 22.5 | 21.2 |
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Source: NOMIS, Official Census and Labour Market Statistics
The line chart shows the percentage of people aged 16 to 64 who are economically inactive (neither in employment nor unemployed). The proportion in London decreased from 25.5% in the financial year ending 2012 to 21.4% in the financial year ending 2024.
Employment
Persons, 16 to 64 years
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011/12 | 67.2 | 66.5 | 67.9 | 70.2 |
| 2012/13 | 68.8 | 68.1 | 69.5 | 71.0 |
| 2013/14 | 69.7 | 69.0 | 70.4 | 71.7 |
| 2014/15 | 71.7 | 71.0 | 72.4 | 72.9 |
| 2015/16 | 73.2 | 72.5 | 73.9 | 73.9 |
| 2016/17 | 73.8 | 73.1 | 74.5 | 74.4 |
| 2017/18 | 74.2 | 73.5 | 74.9 | 75.2 |
| 2018/19 | 74.2 | 73.5 | 74.9 | 75.6 |
| 2019/20 | 75.1 | 74.3 | 75.9 | 76.2 |
| 2020/21 | 74.5 | 73.6 | 75.4 | 75.1 |
| 2021/22 | 75.2 | 74.3 | 76.1 | 75.4 |
| 2022/23 | 75.8 | 74.8 | 76.8 | 75.7 |
| 2023/24 | 74.5 | 73.3 | 75.7 | 75.7 |
| 2024/25 | 75.4 | 74.4 | 76.4 | 75.7 |
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Source: NOMIS, Official Census and Labour Market Statistics
The line chart shows the percentage of people aged 16 to 64 who are in employment. The proportion in London increased from 67.2% in the financial year ending 2012 to 75.4% in the financial year ending 2025.
Children in absolute low income families
Persons, under 16 years
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014/15 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 15.0 |
| 2015/16 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 14.9 |
| 2016/17 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 13.8 |
| 2017/18 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 16.0 |
| 2018/19 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 15.6 |
| 2019/20 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 16.1 |
| 2020/21 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 15.2 |
| 2021/22 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 14.9 |
| 2022/23 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 17.4 |
| 2023/24 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 19.1 |
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Source: OHID, based on Department for Work and Pensions and Office for National Statistics data
The line chart shows the percentage of children aged under 16 who live in absolute low income (before housing costs compared to 2010 to 2011) families. The proportion in London increased from 12.5% in the financial year ending 2015 to 15.1% in the financial year ending 2024.
Young people not in education, employment or training
Persons, 16 to 17 years
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016/17 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 6.0 |
| 2017/18 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 6.0 |
| 2018/19 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.5 |
| 2019/20 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 5.5 |
| 2020/21 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 5.5 |
| 2021/22 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.7 |
| 2022/23 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 5.2 |
| 2023/24 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 5.4 |
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Source: Department for Education
The line chart shows the percentage of people age 16 to 17 who are not in education, employment or training, or whose activity is not known. The proportion in London decreased from 5.3% in the academic year ending 2017 to 3.4% in the academic year ending 2024.
First time entrants to the youth justice system
Persons, 10 to 17 years
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2013 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2014 | 432.8 | 417.8 | 448.2 | 415.2 |
| 2015 | 427.0 | 412.2 | 442.2 | 376.6 |
| 2016 | 418.8 | 404.2 | 433.8 | 333.8 |
| 2017 | 392.9 | 378.9 | 407.3 | 299.7 |
| 2018 | 293.5 | 281.5 | 305.9 | 244.0 |
| 2019 | 268.9 | 257.6 | 280.6 | 216.3 |
| 2020 | 224.8 | 214.6 | 235.4 | 173.0 |
| 2021 | 191.9 | 182.5 | 201.5 | 150.7 |
| 2022 | 169.6 | 160.9 | 178.6 | 151.9 |
| 2023 | 146.9 | 138.8 | 155.2 | 145.7 |
| 2024 | 156.5 | 148.3 | 165.1 | 137.7 |
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Source: OHID, based on Ministry of Justice and Office for National Statistics data
The line chart shows the rate of 10 to 17 years olds who receive their first reprimand, warning or conviction. The crude rate in London decreased from 432.8 per 100,000 in 2014 to 156.5 per 100,000 in 2024.
Households owed a duty under the Homelessness Reduction Act
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019/20 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 15.4 | 12.3 |
| 2020/21 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.7 | 11.3 |
| 2021/22 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 11.7 |
| 2022/23 | 15.7 | 15.6 | 15.9 | 12.4 |
| 2023/24 | 17.9 | 17.7 | 18.0 | 13.4 |
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Source: OHID, based on Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government and Office for National Statistics data
The line chart shows the rate of households who are owed a prevention or relief duty under the Homelessness Reduction Act. The crude rate in London increased from 15.3 per 1,000 in the financial year ending 2020 to 17.9 per 1,000 in the financial year ending 2024.
Fuel poverty (low income, low energy efficiency)
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 15.2 | NA | NA | 13.4 |
| 2020 | 11.5 | NA | NA | 13.2 |
| 2021 | 11.9 | NA | NA | 13.1 |
| 2022 | 10.4 | NA | NA | 13.1 |
| 2023 | 9.3 | NA | NA | 11.4 |
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Source: Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
The line chart shows the percentage of households that experience fuel poverty (based on the low income, low energy efficiency methodology). The proportion in London changed from 15.2% in 2019 to 9.3% in 2023.
People killed or seriously injured on roads
Persons, all ages
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 188.9 | NA | NA | 93.0 |
| 2018 | 198.9 | NA | NA | 94.2 |
| 2019 | 188.4 | NA | NA | 89.7 |
| 2020 | 177.2 | NA | NA | 90.4 |
| 2021 | 187.5 | NA | NA | 92.7 |
| 2022 | 201.4 | NA | NA | 94.1 |
| 2023 | 187.5 | NA | NA | 91.6 |
| 2024 | 184.1 | NA | NA | 89.8 |
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Source: OHID, based on Department for Transport data
The line chart shows the rate of people reported killed or seriously injured on the roads per 1 billion vehicle miles travelled. The crude rate in London changed from 188.9 per billion vehicle miles in 2017 to 184.1 per billion vehicle miles in 2024.
Loneliness in adults
Persons, 16 years and over
| Time period | London Value | 95% confidence interval lower limit | 95% confidence interval upper limit | England Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019/20 - 20/21 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.0 |
| 2020/21 - 21/22 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 6.7 |
| 2021/22 - 22/23 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 6.8 |
| 2022/23 - 23/24 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.0 |
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Source: Sport England
The line chart shows the percentage of people aged 16 and over who reported feeling lonely always or often. The proportion in London increased from 5.9% in the 2 year period ending 2021 to 7.1% in the 2 year period ending 2024.